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ANNEX
A
CHRONOLOGY
26.6.1960 Independence
of British Somaliland protectorate
1.7.1960 Merger
of former British Somaliland and Italian-administered UN Trust
Territory of Somalia as the independent Somali Republic; Somali Youth
League (SYL) leads coalition government headed by President Aden
Abdullah Osman with Dr Abd ar-Rashid Ali Shirmarke as Prime Minister
1964 Dr
Shirmarke replaced as Prime Minister by Abd ar-Razak Hussein who forms
an all-SYL cabinet; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over Ogaden
district leads to armed clashes
6/1967 Dr
Shirmarke becomes President; Mohamed Ibrahim Egal appointed Prime
Minister
15.10.1969 President
Shirmarke assassinated
21.10.1969 Military
coup led by Commander-in-Chief Major-General Mohamed Siad Barre;
Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) proclaims Somali Democratic
Republic; Barre vows to eliminate clanism
10/1970
Barre declares Somalia a socialist state and embarks upon
programme of 'scientific socialism'
1976 SRC
dissolved, replaced by Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party with Barre
as Secretary-General
27.6.1977 Former
French Somaliland becomes independent Republic of Djibouti
7/1977 Somalia
invades Ogaden district of Ethiopia; Soviet Union switches allegiance
from Somalia to Ethiopia
3/1978
Ethiopia regains Ogaden with Soviet and Cuban assistance;
large numbers of refugees enter Somalia from Ethiopia
1980 Barre
officially becomes President of Somali Democratic Republic
1982 Barre's
Marehan clan consolidates grip on power
1981Formation
of Majerteen-dominated opposition group DFSS (later becomes SSDF) and
Isaaq-dominated SNM
7/1982
DFSS guerrillas invade central Somalia and occupy two towns but
invasion repelled by Government forces; severe reprisals against
Majerteen clan
2/1983
Mutiny in northern areas
11/1984
Barre assumes all powers of government
12/1986
Barre sole candidate in presidential election - rule confirmed
for further 7 years
1987 Increase
in attacks on military targets by insurgents
4/1988
Peace accord with Ethiopia; withdrawal of Ethiopian support for Somali
insurgents
5/1988
SNM invades north-western Somalia, occupying Burao and part of
Hargeisa
6/1988
Fierce counter-offensive by Government forces, led by General Morgan,
against SNM in north-west; Hargeisa virtually destroyed, killing
40,000; 400,000 flee to Ethiopia
7/1989
400 protestors killed in anti-Government demonstrations organised by
Hawiye USC in Mogadishu
8/1989
Barre loses support of Ogaden clan; clashes with Ogaden SPM
militia in south, fighting alongside USC forces; Barre offers to
relinquish power
1/1990
Barre dismisses his government but opposition refuses to take posts in
new administration
8/1990
USC, SNM and SPM co-ordinate military campaigns to overthrow Barre
11/1990
SPM seizes
Kismayo
1/1991
USC forces led by General Aideed capture Mogadishu; SNM takes control
of north-west
27.1.1991 Barre
flees Mogadishu
29.1.1991 USC's
Ali Mahdi proclaimed temporary President but SNM and SPM oppose his
appointment
3/1991
Increasing divisions along clan lines; opposition groups refuse to
participate in USC-organised national conference
5/1991
Fall of Mengistu regime in Ethiopia
16.5.1991
SNM declares independence of "Republic of Somaliland" in
north-west; SNM Chairman Abd ar-Rahman Ahmed Ali `Tur' declared
President of breakaway state
6/1991
Differences within USC, mainly along clan lines, emerge as
supporters of Ali Mahdi and General Aideed clash in Mogadishu
6/1991
Conference of national reconciliation held in Djibouti attended
by USC, SDM, SPM and DFSS; SNM refuses to participate
7/1991
Second conference held in Djibouti, joined by SDA and USF;
the 6 participants declare intention of defeating Barre's SNF
and implementing cease-fire;
Ali Mahdi confirmed as President for 2-year period
7/1991
USC Central Committee elects General Aideed as its Chairman
18.8.1991
Ali Mahdi sworn in as President
9/1991
Armed clashes in Mogadishu between rival USC factions leave 300 dead
11/1991
Aideed supporters capture most of Mogadishu, forcing Ali Mahdi
to flee, but Ali Mahdi regains northern Mogadishu by end of mont
12/1991
Ali Mahdi asks UN to send peacekeeping force
1/1992
General Aideed opposes UN involvement and sets up his own
administration; UN imposes arms embargo on Somalia
3/1992
Escalation of violence in Mogadishu - 14,000 dead;
inter-clan rivalry leads to clashes in Somaliland, which last
until 10/1992
4/1992
SNF's advance on Mogadishu repelled by Aideed's forces; Barre flees
Somalia (dies in Nigeria in 1995)
4/1992
UN sets up UNOSOM
5/1992
Aideed forms SLA military alliance with other groups including SPM and
SDM, which captures Kismayo from SNF
6/1992
SLA in control of large area of southern and central Somalia; UNOSOM
deploys 50-man observer group
8/1992
SLA forms SNA, headed by Aideed; Ali Mahdi in alliance with
anti-Aideed groups, including SSDF and faction of SPM; UNOSOM deploys
500 troops to protect UN personnel and escort food supplies
12/1992
1,800 strong US-led force takes control of Mogadishu's port and
airport; Ali Mahdi and Aideed sign peace agreement under US auspices,
but agreement soon broken
1/1993
33,000 UNITAF troops in Somalia; UN-organised peace negotiations in
Addis Ababa attended by 14 groups
2/1993
UNITAF forces clash with SNF in Kismayo and with armed youths
in Mogadishu
3/1993
UN-sponsored reconciliation conference in Addis Ababa; UN sets up
UNOSOM II, with reduced US role; UNOSOM II tasked with enforcing peace
and institution-building
4/1993
SNF recaptures Kismayo
5/1993
Belgian UN troops clash with SPM around Kismayo; Mohamed Ibrahim Egal
replaces Tur as President of Somaliland; Tur denounces Somaliland's
secession
6/1993
Aideed's forces kill 24 Pakistani UN troops in Mogadishu -
UNOSOM retaliates with air strikes; UN Security Council issues warrant
for Aideed's arrest but he evades capture; clashes between UN forces
and Somali militia cause many civilian deaths
9/1993
18 US troops and 300 Somalis die in clashes in Mogadishu leading to US
reappraisal of its role and decision to withdraw US forces by 3/1994
11/1993
Ali Mahdi assumes leadership of SSA alliance
3/1994
Cease-fire agreement
signed in Nairobi between SSA and Aideed but agreement soon broken
6/1994
Further heavy
fighting in Mogadishu between Aideed and Ali Mahdi supporters
7/1994
Aideed's forces take control of Belet Weyne from Hawadle (Hawiye)
clan
10/1994
Fighting between Ali Mahdi's forces and Murosade clan in
Mogadishu, lasting to 1/1995
2/1995
UN forces withdraw from Mogadishu headquarters; fighting
between rival USC/SNA factions (led by Aideed and Ali Ato) for control
of airport
3/1995
End of UNOSOM intervention - 136 UN personnel and hundreds of Somalis
killed in UN operation, which failed to bring peace, but which did
provide significant famine relief and establish local administrations
in many areas
6/1995
Divisions within USC/SNA become apparent - Ali Ato faction
breaks with Aideed and loosely allies itself with Ali Mahdi; Aideed
declares himself President but is recognised only by Libya
9/1995
Aideed's forces capture Baidoa
10/1995
Ali Mahdi and Ali Ato supporters ban banana exports to deny
Aideed revenue
1/1996
Aideed's forces capture Huddur
ANNEX
B
SOMALI
CLAN STRUCTURE
MAJOR
SOMALI CLAN-FAMILIES:
1.
DIR:
Issa
Gadabursi
Bimal
2.
ISAAQ:
Habr Awal:
Saad Muse
Issa Muse
Ayub
Habr Garhadjis:
Habr Yunis
Aidagalla
Arab
Habr Jaalo (Habr Toljaalo):
Mohamed Abokor
Ibrahim
Muse Abokor
Ahmad (Toljaalo)
3.
DAROD:
Marehan
Ogaden
Harti Confederation:
Majerteen
Dulbahante
Warsangeli
4.
HAWIYE:
Hawadle
Waadan
Habr Gedir
Abgal
Murosade
Gaalgale
5.
DIGIL:
Dabarre
Jiddu
Tunni
Geledi
Garre
6.
RAHANWEYN:
33 clans in two loose alliances:
The "Eight":
Maalinweyna
Harien
Helleda
Elai, and others
The "Nine":
Gassa Gudda
Hadama
Luwai
Geledi, and others
[31]
For
more detailed information on the Somali clan system, refer to the
following source documents: -
Annex
1 to the Netherlands Situation in Somalia report of 1997 (source
[32])
Annex
3 to the Report of the Joint British, Danish and Dutch Fact-Finding
Mission to Nairobi, Kenya on Minority Groups in Somalia, September
2000 (source [8])
ANNEX
C
POLITICAL
ORGANISATIONS
Al-Itihaad
al-Islamiya
(Islamic Union Party) - a radical Islamic group aiming to unite ethnic
Somalis from Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti in an Islamic
state. [1a][7] Based in
Gedo region; opposed by the Ethiopian government who frequently seek
to justify incursions into Somalia by claiming pursuit of Al-Itihaad
members; currently opposed by the SNF. [1a][7][22b]
Not a participant in the Eldoret or previous peace initiatives,
the group is thought to support terrorist activities in Ethiopia. [1a][3d][22b]
Al-Itihaad
has had no defined organisational structure since the creation of the
TNG and the decline of Shari'a
courts led by Al-Itihaad though it continues to have adherents
throughout the country. [2b][7]
The group reportedly has a loose network of less than a dozen key
leaders, making it hard to identify and target by opposition forces. [7]
In the mid 1990's the organisations reportedly operated training
camps, however, Al-Itihaad reportedly maintains no standing militia. [2a][7]
Security forces and staff for businessmen linked to Al-Itihaad are
considered by some to represent a “reserve army” of more than
1,500 militia. [7]
There
were reports of links between Al-Itihaad and Osama bin Laden's
terrorist network Al-Qaeda. In the aftermath of the terrorist
attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001 Al-Itihaad
al-Islamiya was one of the organisations linked to terrorism for which
US President Bush ordered assets to be blocked. [7]
However, a panel of experts appointed by the UN in 2002 to oversee
the arms embargo on
Somalia found Al-Itihaad to have a largely local agenda and few formal
links with Al-Qaeda. [11h]
Information obtained by the British/Danish fact-finding delegation who
visited Somalia in May 2002 suggests that Al-Itihaad's influence in
Somalia has weakened considerably. Al-Itihaad has reportedly switched
its emphasis away from armed opposition towards exerting influence
through schools, which may be funded from Saudi Arabian sources.
[7]
Allied
People's Democratic Party (UDUB)
- meaning "pillar" in Somali, a Somaliland party established
in July 2001 by late President Egal of Somaliland in preparation for
elections in 2002. [1a][10ab]
Allied
Somali Forces (ASF) -
alliance of SNF faction and others that captured Kismayo from General
Morgan's SPM forces 6/1999; became the Juba Valley Alliance (see JVA
below).
Asad
- a Somaliland
political party, participated in the December 2002 civic elections
polling the least number of votes out of the six parties contesting. [11e]
G8
- an alliance of
faction leaders at the Eldoret/Nairobi Peace talks comprising
Mogadishu faction leaders Qanyare, Ali Ato and Omar 'Finish', the JVA,
the Madobe/Habsade faction of the RRA, the Gedo based faction of the
SNA led by Col. Bihi and SAMO. [10bc]
Hormood
- (Pioneer) a
Somaliland political party, participated in the December 2002 civic
elections. [11e][14i] In
March 2003 the party merged with the Kulmiye party - see below. [14i]
Ilesky
- a political party
in Somaliland, did not stand in the December 2002 civic elections and
according to reports the same months planned to merge with the ruling
UDUB. [11e]
Juba
Valley Alliance (JVA)
- pro-TNG grouping of Marehan, Ogadeni and Habr Gedir factions that
controls Kismayo (formerly the ASF). [1a]
Colonel Barre Shire Hiirale, of the Marehan Rer Dini clan and Aden
Serrar, of the Habr Gedir Ayr were, as of mid 2002, reported to lead
the JVA; by mid 2003 reports suggested Hiirale was the sole leader and
chairman. [7][10bd][18e
Kulmiye
- (Solidarity party)
Somaliland opposition political party; took the second largest
share of votes in the civic elections of December 2002 after the
ruling UDUP. [11e][10ai]
In the course of its campaign for the 2003 presidential election the
party said its candidate would clean up corruption and work harder for
international recognition. [10ab]
Ahmad Muhammad Silaanyo (Silano) is the party Chairman and candidate
in the 2003 presidential elections. [10ab][11e]
Muslim
Youth Party -
political party formed in Mogadishu in November 2002; Party Chairman
Ibrahim Muhammad Hasan was appointed at the inauguration ceremony. [11d]
Northern
Somali Alliance (NSA)
- founded 1997 as an alliance between USF and USP
Rahanweyn
Resistance Army (RRA)
- established 1995 to resist occupation of Rahanweyn-populated Bay
& Bakool regions by Aideed's USC/SNA; captured Huddur 10/1998 and
Baidoa 6/1999; set up autonomous State of Southwestern Somalia in
3/2002; backed by Ethiopia
Sahan
- Opposition
political party in Somaliland, polled the fourth largest number of
votes (out of six contesting parties) in the civic elections in
December 2002. [11e]
Somali
African Muki Association (SAMO)
- represents Bantu minority population; member of SSA. [1a]
The leader is Mowlid Ma'ane, also part of the G8 at the Nairobi peace
talks. [10bc]
Somali
Democratic Alliance (SDA)
- founded 1989; represents Gadabursi (Dir) clan in north-west; fought
with Siad Barre's forces against SNM and opposes secession of
Somaliland; led by Mohamed Farah Abdullah; member of SSA
Somali
Democratic Movement (SDM)
- a militarily weak group representing Digil/Rahanweyn clan families;
split in 1992 into 2 factions: pro-Ali Mahdi/SSA faction led by
Abdulkadir Mohamed Adan and pro-Aideed/SNA faction led by Adam Uthman
Abdi (Chairman) and Dr Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi (Secretary-General)
Somali
Democratic Party (SDP) -
formed in 1993 in the Gedo region of Somalia but dormant until revived
at the Eldoret peace talks in December 2002 with the apparent aim of
securing better representation. It
represents the Sede community (including the Marehan) and describes
itself as a "non-violent
political party". At
its re-launch the SDP indicated that its focus was representation at
Eldoret and similar conferences, it also warned that Sede in Somalia
would reject the outcome of talks if the party was not properly
represented. The SDP formally supported the SRRC.
The SDP is chairman is Abdi Barre Abdi.
[11e]
Somali
Eastern and Central Front
- founded 1991; opposes SNM's secessionist policies in Somaliland;
Chairman Hirsi Ismail Mohamed
Somali
National Alliance (SNA)
- coalition founded in 1992 by General Aideed comprising his faction
of USC, a faction of SDM, Omar Jess' faction of SPM and SSNM (which
withdrew in 1993); led by Hussein Aideed following Gen. Aideed's death.
[1a] There is a Gedo based
faction led by Col. Isak Bihi. [10bc]
Somali
National Democratic Union (SNDU)
- small group established 1992 representing two small Darod clans in
Galgudud region of central Somalia; led by Ali Ismail Abdi; allied
with Ali Mahdi's USC/SSA; participated in 1998 discussions with SSDF
and USP to set up Puntland state
Somali
National Front (SNF)
- founded 1991 in southern Somalia by Siad Barre loyalists; represents
Marehan clan; seeks restoration of SRSP government; controls most of
Gedo region; member of SSA; leader General Omar Hadji Mohamed Hersi
defected to Aideed and replaced by Colonel Abdirizak Issak Bihi in
February 1998; backed by Ethiopia, particularly in its conflict with
Al-Ittihaad al-Islamiya
Somali
National Movement (SNM)
- founded in London 1981; represents Isaaq clan-family; guerrilla
group, initially supported by Ethiopia, until 1991 when took control
of north-west, proclaiming independence of Republic of Somaliland;
leads government of Somaliland, led by Mohamed Ibrahim Egal
Somali
National Union (SNU)
- minor group representing non-ethnic Somalis; member of SSA
Somali
Patriotic Movement (SPM)
- founded 1989 by Colonel Omar Jess; represents Ogaden clan in the
south; divided into 2 factions, one led by Adan Abdullahi Nur Gabeeyow
and allied with General Morgan, and member of SSA, the other led by
Gedi Ugas Madhar allied with USC in SNA
Somali
People's Democratic Union
- founded 1997; breakaway group from SSDF; led by Mohamed Jibril Museh
Somali
Reconciliation & Restoration Council (SRRC)
- a loose and changing coalition of nearly 20 clan - based political -
military factions opposed to the TNG, established in March 2001 at a
meeting in Ethiopia, five co-chairman, Hussein Aideed (USC/SNA) was
chosen as the first chairman. [1a][6a][6b][10e]
Others were to be Hilowle Iman Umar from North Mogadishu, General
Adan Abdullahi Nur Gabyow of the SPM, Hasan Muhammad Nur 'Shatigadud'
of the RRA and Abdullahi Shaykh Ismai'l of the SSNM. [10e]
On 27 December 2002 it was reported that the chairmanship had again
passed back to Hussein Aideed of the USC/SNA. [11e]
Recent reports suggest the existence of a SRRC-Mogadishu faction. [3c]
Somali
Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP)
- from 1976 to 1991 the sole legitimate political party under Siad
Barre's administration; SNF seeks restoration of SRSP government
Somali
Salvation Alliance (SSA)
- grouping of 12 anti-Aideed factions formed 1993, led by Ali
Mahdi: USC/SSA, SAMO, SNU, USF, SDA, SDM, SPM, SSDF, SNDU, SNF, SSNM
and the Ali Ato faction of the USC/SNA
Somali
Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF)
- founded 1981 as Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS)
as a coalition of 3 factions; represents Majerteen clans in north-east;
has formed administration of north-east since 1991 & declared
"Puntland State of Somalia" in 7/1998; smaller SSDF group
operates in Kismayo in alliance with SNF against SNA; member of SSA;
Chairman General Mohamed Abshir, deputy Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
('President' of Puntland from 7/1998)
Somali
Youth League (SYL)
- founded 1943 in former Italian Somaliland; dominated governments of
independent Somali Republic 1960 to 1969; removed from power by Siad
Barre's military coup
Southern
Somali National Movement (SSNM)
- based on southern coast mainly representing Bimal (Dir) clan; set up
under Aideed's sponsorship to support Omar Jess' SPM against SNF; part
of SNA 1992-93; allied with Ali Mahdi from 1993; member of SSA;
Chairman Abdi Warsemeh Isar
Transitional
National Government (TNG)
- established as a result of the Arta peace conference in 2000; in
process of establishing its authority in Mogadishu; led by interim
President Abdiqassim Salad Hassan
UDUB
- see Allied People's Democratic Party
Ucid
(Justice and Welfare
party) - Opposition political party in Somaliland, polled the third
largest number of votes in the civic elections in December 2002. [10ab][11e]
Presidential candidate in the 2003 elections, Faisal Ali
Warabe, stated that the party believed in a modern state based on law
and order. The party
identifies gender equality, the environment, and building a healthy
economy as issues it would focus on in government. [10ab]
United
Somali Congress (USC)
- founded 1989 in central Somalia; represents Hawiye clans; overthrew
Siad Barre in Mogadishu in 1991 but subsequently divided into factions:
-USC/SNA
[1a] - led by General Aideed and from 1996 his son Hussein; represents
Habr Gedir clan; controls southern Mogadishu, Merka, Brava and large
parts of Bay and Bakool regions
-USC/SNA
[2] - dissident Habr Gedir USC/SNA faction expelled from SNA in 1995,
led by Ali Ato; controls small part of southern Mogadishu; loosely
allied with USC/SSA
-USC/SSA
- led by Ali Mahdi; represents Abgal clan; controls northern
Mogadishu; part of NSC
United
Somali Congress/Peace Movement (USC/PM)
- based on Hawadle (Hawiye) clan; controls most of Hiran region and a
very small area around Benadir Hospital in Mogadishu; allied with Ali
Mahdi and Musa Sude; member of SSA; led by Colonel Omar Hashi Aden
United
Somali Congress -
small Murosade (Hawiye) clan faction which controls the Wardhigley
district of northern Mogadishu, independent of both Ali Mahdi's and
Hussein Aideed's USC factions; led by Abdullahi Moalim
United
Somali Front (USF) -
founded 1989; a marginal group representing Issa (Dir) clan in
north-west and opposed to SNM; member of SSA; led by Abd ar-Rahman
Dualeh Ali (Chairman) and Mohamed Osman Ali (Secretary-General);
allied with USP in 1997 to form NSA
United
Somali Party (USP)
- represents Darod clans who oppose SNM's secessionist policies in
Somaliland; led by Mohamed Abdi Hashi; allied with USF in 1997 to form
NSA; participated in 1998 discussions with SSDF and SNDU to set up
Puntland state
ANNEX
D
PROMINENT
PEOPLE
-
Adam Uthman Abdi -
Chairman of SDM/SNA; Rahanweyn
clan
-
Abdiqassim Salad Hassan -
elected interim President of Somalia for three years by Transitional
National Assembly (TNA) following Arta conference in Djibouti
5-8/2000, former Minister of Interior & Deputy Prime Minister
under Siad Barre, Habr Gedir (Hawiye) clan, sub-clan Ayr
-
Mohamed Farah Abdullah -
leader of SDA; Gadabursi
(Dir) clan
-
Dr Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi
- Secretary-General of SDM/SNA; Rahanweyn
clan
-
General Mohamed Abshir -
SSDF leader (Chairman); Majerteen
(Darod) clan
-
Abdulkadir Mohamed Adan -
leader of SDM/SSA, one of 5 co-chairmen of NSC;
Rahanweyn clan
-
Hussein Mohamed Aideed -
son of General Aideed who succeeded him as Chairman of USC/SNA, and
self-styled 'President' of Somalia, in 1996; first chairman of SRRC
2001; Habr Gedir (Hawiye)
clan
-
General Mohamed Farah Aideed
- military commander of USC, Chairman of SNA;
declared himself 'President' of Somalia 1995;
died 1996; Habr
Gedir (Hawiye) clan
-
Abd Ar-Rahman Dualeh Ali -
Chairman of USF; Issa
clan
-
Mohamed Osman Ali -
Secretary-General of USF; Issa
clan
-
Osman Hassan Ali 'Ato'
('Ali Ato') - former aide
of General Aideed and leader of breakaway USC/SNA faction, loosely
allied with Ali Mahdi's USC/SSA, heads administration in small area of
southern Mogadishu; one
of 5 co-chairmen of NSC; Habr
Gedir (Hawiye) clan
-
Colonel Hassan Dahir Aweys
- commander of Al-Ittihaad al-Islamiya fundamentalist militia
-
Major-General Mohamed Siad Barre
- military ruler 1969-80, Chairman of SRC 1969-76, Secretary-General
of SRSP 1976-91, President of Somali Democratic Republic 1980-91; died
in exile in Nigeria in 1995; Marehan (Darod) clan
-
Colonel Abdirizak Issak Bihi -
SNF leader from February 1998, replacing General Omar Hadji Mohamed
Hersi
-
Hossein Haji Bod - North
Mogadishu 'warlord' and former deputy of Ali Mahdi; declared his
support for the TNG in 12/2000
-
Mohamed Ibrahim Egal -
Prime Minister of British Somaliland before independence, Prime
Minister of Somali Republic 1967-69, President of "Republic of
Somaliland" 5/1993 until his death in office 5/2002; Habr Awal (Isaaq)
clan
-
Hassan Abshir Farah - TNG
Prime Minister 11/2001 to present (replaced Ali Kalif Galayadh);
former Puntland interior minister
-
Omar Mohamoud Mohamed 'Finish'
- chairman of the USC/SSA [3d]
Formerly a right hand man to Musa Sude, now a faction leader in
his own right his forces have come into conflict with those of Sude in
the Medina district of Mogadishu several times since 2002. [2a][3c][11k]
-
General Adan Abdullahi Nur 'Gabeeyow'
- SPM/SSA, Kismayo-based, one of 5 co-chairmen of NSC; Ogaden (Darod)
clan
-
Ali Kalif Galayadh -
appointed interim Prime Minister of Somalia by interim President
Abdiqassim Salad Hassan 10/2000 but removed from office 10/2001
following no-confidence vote in TNA, Dulbahante (Darod) clan
-
Mohamed Abdi Hashi -
leader of USP; Darod clan
-
Ahmed Billie Hassan -
leader of Al-Ittihaad al-Islamiya
-
General Omar Hadji Mohamed Hersi
- former leader of SNF, realigned behind Hussein Aideed February 1998;
replaced as SNF leader by Colonel Abdirizak Issak Bihi
-
Colonel Barre Shire Hiirale
(Barre Adan Shire) of the Marehan Rer Dini clan, chairman of the JVA [7][10bd][18e]
-
Abd ar-Razak Hussein -
Prime Minister of Somali Republic 1964-67; Darod clan
-
Seyyid Abdullah Issa, SYL
leader - 1st Prime Minister of Somali Republic
-
Jama Ali Jama - elected
President of Puntland by traditional Elders 11/2001, opposed by
Abdullahi Yusuf
-
Colonel Ahmad Omar Jess -
set up SPM in 1990, allied his faction of SPM with General Aideed 1991
onwards
-
Gedi Ugas Madhar -
Chairman of SPM/SNA; Darod
clan
-
Ali Mahdi Mohamed ('Ali Mahdi')
- temporary President appointed by USC 1991, leader of faction of USC,
chairman of SSA and one of 5 co-chairmen of NSC;
Abgal (Hawiye clan)
-
General Omar Haji Masalle
- SNF leader, defected to Hussein Aideed February 1998 and replaced by
Abdirizak Issak Bihi
-
Abdullahi Moalim - leader
of small Murosade (Hawiye) United Somali Congress in northern
Mogadishu, independent of Ali Mahdi's and Hussein Aideed's USC
factions
-
General Mohamed Siad Hersi 'Morgan'
- son-in-law of the late Siad Barre, led campaign against SNM in
Somaliland in late 1980s and responsible for the destruction of
Hargeisa, former leader of SNF, allied to General Adan Abdullahi Nur
Gabeeyow's faction of SPM; Majerteen
(sub-clan Abdirahim)
-
Yusuf Haji Nur, Chairman
of the Puntland Supreme Court, assumed position as interim President
of Puntland 6/2001 to 11/2001 after Abdullahi Yusuf removed from
office in constitutional crisis
-
Dr Aden Abdullah Osman -
1st President of Somali Republic 1960-67
-
Dahir Riyale Kahin -
President of Somaliland 5/2002 to present; succeeded President Egal
upon the latter's death; formerly Egal's Vice-President
-
Yusuf Haji Sa'id - elected
as speaker of Puntland's 'parliament' 9/1998
-
Colonel Hassan Mohamed Nur 'Shaatigaduud'
- leader of the RRA; Rahanweyn
clan (Harin sub-clan); elected as President of South West State of
Somalia 3/2002
-
Dr Abd ar-Rashid Ali Shirmarke
- 2nd Prime Minister of Somali Republic 1960-1964, President 1967-69,
assassinated; Darod clan
-
Ahmed Muhammad Silaanyo
(Silano), formally a senior minister in Siad Barre's government
before he quit in the 1980s to join the SNM and eventually became its
leader. [10ab] From 1991,
when Somaliland declared its independence, he held various senior
ministerial posts until 2001 when he resigned from the government of
the late president Egal and was a founder member of the Kulmiye party.
[10ab][11e] Observers
rated him as a leading contender in the 2003 presidential election. [10ab]
-
Musa Sude 'Yalahow' (Musa
Sude) - Deputy Chairman of USC/SSA, heads administration in Medina
district of southern Mogadishu; Abgal
(Hawiye) clan (Wabudan sub-clan).
-
Abd ar-Rahman Ahmed Ali 'Tur'
- SNM Chairman and 1st President of "Republic of Somaliland"
1991-93, later allied with Aideed administration;
Habr Yunis (Isaaq) clan
-
Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (Abdullahi Yusuf)
- SSDF deputy leader, one of 5 co-chairmen of NSC, President of
Puntland 1998 until removed from office in constitutional crisis
6/2001, but still claims to be the legal President;
Majerteen (Darod) clan
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